Leasehold reform act 1967 - Free Essay Example

1. What were the material facts in the case? The Leasehold Reform Act 1967 provides tenants the right to purchase the landlords freehold interest of a property. There is no requirement for the tenant to occupy or have occupied the property. The property was subject to a lease. The appellant was the tenant under the lease. The appellant wanted to acquire the freehold of the property. The property was originally built as a single private residence and had subsequently been adapted for both residential and commercial use. The property had become heavily dilapidated and was not physically fit for immediate residential occupation. In order to be construed as a house under Section 2(1) of the Leasehold Reform Act 1967 a property must satisfy two requirements i.e. it must be both designed and adapted for living in and be reasonably so called. 2. Explain, in your own words, the legal issue(s) in the case. What is the definition of a house under Section 2 (1) of the Leasehold Reform Act 1967, specifically what is meant by the phrase designed and adapted for living in? Was the property in question designed or adapted for living in, within the meaning of Section 2(1), when the notice of enfranchisement was served? Do the words designed and adapted for living in within Section 2 (1) of the Act suggest that the property be capable of immediate residential occupation? Or should the test be an historic one i.e. should the fact that the property was designed for living in when first built and had not subsequently been altered from this be sufficient to construe that it is indeed designed and adapted for living in and therefore satisfy this requirement for the purposes of Section 2 (1) of the 1967 Act. 3. Which technique(s) of statutory interpretation do you consider that Lord Neuberger employed in the case? Give reasons for your answer. Literal Rule at [17] as a matter of ordinary language Contextual/purposive at [17] reinforced by considering other provisions of the sub-section, and supported by the original terms†¦ and considerations of practicality and policy Literal Rule at [18] as a matter of ordinary English and the natural meaning of the word Contextual at [19] reinforced by the later words in the same section Literal Rule at [22] the words in question are given their natural meaning 4. Which presumptions and/or rules of language did Lord Neuberger employ in the case? Give reasons for your answer. Noscitur a Sociis reinforced by the later words in the same section at [19] 5. To what aids to statutory interpretation did Lord Neuberger refer? Your answer should indicate whether such aids were intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic: Section 1 (1) Section 2 (1) Extrinsic: Tandon v Trustees of Spurgeons Homes [1982] AC 755 Suffolk County Council v Mason [1979] AC 705 Attorney General v Lamplough (1878) 3 Ex D 214 6. Explain, in your own words, the ratio decidendi of Alpha Holdings v Beta Properties [2007] UKHL 17 The words designed or adapted for living in within s.2 (1) of the Leashold Reform Act 1967 are to be given their ordinary or natural meaning. A property is a house within the meaning of the sub-section if it had been designed for living in when originally built and the structure had remained largely the same i.e. the test of designed for living in is an historic one. Whilst the property had become heavily dilapidated and was indeed uninhabitable this did not alter the fact that it had been designed for living in when first built. It is not reasonable to assume that a property must be capable of immediate residential occupation in order for it to be construed as a house under s.2 (1) of the 1967 Act. Therefore at the time the notice of enfranchisement was served the property was designed or adapted for living in within the meaning of s.2 (1).

Essay on The Ethics of Medical Research on Humans - 860 Words

The ethics behind human research has been an ongoing debate for many years. How far can we take research in the name of science? Does it matter how many or who possibly gets effected along the way ? This journal addresses these questions along with others, as it expresses human rights when medical research is involved. While examining the history of medicine, you find that the United States and many other countries, fail to protect those that can not protect themselves by conducting â€Å"medical research† errors. Who is to blame? It is almost impossible for an individual to take a medication and be cured with no side effects. Yet, the demand and expectation for such a miracle drug is so pressing. If medical research had not been conducted, the†¦show more content†¦It allowed the reader to not only sympathize with these individuals, but have empathy for their afflictions. Aside from prisoners being held in Nazi camps during this time, many individuals were being used because of â€Å"convenience†. Iacono and Jenkins describe different situations where militaries such as: the US, Japan, and Germany were trading humans to preform similar acts in the name of medicine. Showing that, despite how terrifying these acts were, medical experimentations were not limited to Germany alone, the world was doing them also. If Germany wasnt alone in these acts why are they the ones taking the blame? Germany was and is considered to be one of the most extreme cases of violation of human rights and ethics. The use of claims of fact are laid out with the Nuremberg Trials of 1945-1946. The Nuremberg Trials were enforced by the allied forces of WWII, to prosecute the political leaders, doctors, and military for their acts of crime against humanity. These trials ensured human rights, and paved the direction for the Helsinki Declaration, â€Å"[which] formed th e basis for guidelines developed in individual countries with the aim of protecting people from exploiting in the name of research and ensuring physician-researchers meet their obligations to research participants † (Iacono, 1124). As laid out in the Helsinki Declaration, there areShow MoreRelatedUnethical And Criminal Behavior During The Prussian Parliament944 Words   |  4 PagesThe experiment with human subject was brought to an attention to the Prussian Parliament, when several unethical and criminal behaviors were traced in the field of research in Germany in the nineteenth century. The research was mainly conducted unethically in the hospitals, mainly without any informed consent. The turning point for the establishment of universal rule regarding human experiment was done after the case of Neisser, where in 1898, Albert Neisser, who discovered the gonococcus and professorRead MoreEthical Issues Related to the Cloning Debate1389 Words   |  6 PagesThe act of cloning a human being comes dangerously close to human beings acting as God. Do human beings have the right to tamper with nature in this way? This essay explores the various ethical issues related to the cloning debate, and seeks answers to this deep philosophical question at the heart of bioethics. As a student of genetic biology and future biologist, this question also has personal relevance. Our science is evolving at a rapid pace. As human cloning becomes increasingly possible, itRead MoreTuskegee1630 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ The Tuskegee Research Study on Syphilis Stephan J. Skotko University of Phoenix January 13, 2010 HCS-435 Ethics: Health Care and Social Responsibility Edward Casey Every person or family member who has faced a medical crisis during his or her lifetime has at one point hoped for an immediate cure, a process that would deter any sort of painful or prolonged convalescence. Medical research always has paralleled a cure or treatment. From the beginning of the turn of the 20thRead MoreThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Medical/Nursing Research and Identify Associated Dilemmas, Analyze the History of Ethics and Research, and Identify Areas of Conflict Between Research and Ethics1102 Words   |  5 PagesEthics and Research Paper Brandi McCord University of Phoenix (online) In my paper I plan to address the advantages and disadvantages of medical/nursing research and Identify associated dilemmas, analyze the history of ethics and research, and identify areas of conflict between research and ethics. Ethics is defined as the rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the member of a profession. Research is defined as any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancementRead MoreThe Ethical Codes Of Human Research Ethics1035 Words   |  5 Pagescodes of conduct in regards to both humans and animals. Milgram’s (1963) obedience experiment prompted various issues related to human research ethics. In Milgram’s initial experiment, participants were asked to electric shock others in order to test their level of obedience to an authority figure. According to the British Psychological Society (BPS) Code of Human Research Ethics (2010), Milgram put the studies participants at more than minimal risk as the research brought on visible levels of psychologicalRead MoreEthics And The Medical Field Using Tissue Ownership Essay1642 Words   |  7 Pages(Cassell 2000). 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Although the fears are natural, mostly because people have always associated the black market with a negative connotation, the ethical fears out-weigh the idea that donatingRead MoreEssay On Doing Whats Rights875 Words   |  4 Pagesonce said,† A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world.† Ethics is a huge component in any aspect of life, but it becomes extremely crucial when the well-being of a patient becomes involved. Medical ethics during clinical research should be made more regulated because organ/tissue harvesting without consent and exposing patients to invasive procedures that are not necessary are all ethical concerns that researchers say are necessary to get good research results. OrdinarilyRead MoreThe Ethicality of Euthanasia958 Words   |  4 Pages In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, medical technology has advanced enough to provide certain measures to keep the body alive, but not necessarily the brain or the cognitive functions that make up quality of life. Despite the fact that death is a cyclical part of life, humans still have a very difficult time dealing with issues surrounding terminal illness: hospice, do not resuscitate, costs for survival, euthanasia, and conversations about end of life planning. The core of the philosophicalRead MoreCode of ethics serves as the moral compass that directs and guides the integrity, values, and1500 Words   |  6 PagesCode of ethics serves as the moral compass that directs and guides the integrity, values, and beliefs of an organization. A code of ethics clarifies to employees what the company stands for and its expectations for employee conduct (Daft, 2013). A well-written code is a true commitment to responsible business practices in that it outlines specific procedures to handle ethical failures. Within the research enterprise, the code of ethics ensures that research projects involving human subjects are

enlightenment revolution Essay - 709 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Reasoning Revolution nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The age of enlightenment took place in the 18th century and was thought by many of the period to be long overdue. Spurred by writers wishing to â€Å"awaken† the public from their stupor, it was an age of change. Enlightenment writers tackled subjects from inconsistencies in religion to the oppression of women in society. Utilized during the time were many aspects of writing. Inducing a feeling of fear or guilt within a reader and the use of satire was often combined to leave an impression on a reader. Most†¦show more content†¦Education was the foothold of this argument. She stated that without properly educated women they couldn’t be morally sound. Since women are responsible for instilling morals into our youth they would be raising continuous generations stuck withing the ignorance of the preceding age. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Many enlightenment thinkers were strongly opposed to traditional religious institutions and ideas. Yet only a few went so far as to profess atheism.2† The majority of the philosophes believed in a god and creation but didn’t personify its existence to the same extent of Christianity. They supported the belief that God set the gears in motion then stepped back and will not interfere. It was also stated by Thomas Paine â€Å"I hope for happiness beyond this life.2† This statement leads me to believe that the philosophes believed in a heaven. They also felt that religion at the time was a means to control the population and that monarchs and religious leaders were unjustly exploiting their power. They brought about a truly revolutionary thought in that your mind is your church. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of the most famous early enlightenment writers was Voltaire. The most well known of his works was a satire entitled Candide. This novel had a strong effect on the writers to come as well as the commonfolk. In fact it had such a profound effect on the people it led to Voltaire’s being exiled.Show MoreRelatedThe Enlightenment And The American Revolution2027 Words   |  9 PagesThe Enlightenment and the American Revolution Everyone knows the story of how America came to be. It was similar to David versus Goliath, the American colonists against the potent England. England at the time of the Revolution, boasted the largest and most powerful fighting force in the history of the world. The Americans were rebellious country-cousins who wanted freedom from what they regarded as a capricious and tyrannical paternal England so they could govern themselves. 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It encouraged independent thought, the capacity to ask questions, and a progressive attitude. Additionally, the enlightenment arose during a time when there was absolute monarchy and an extremely powerfulRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution And The Enlightenment1528 Words   |  7 Pagesplace known as the Enlightenment. During this movement enlightenment thinkers, or philosophers, argued that they must focus on the use of reason and secularism to better themselves and understand the universe. As the sciences became more popul ar, skepticism about religious grew. A significant root of the Enlightenment was the Scientific Revolution (1500-1700) which pressed the use of reasoning, inquiry, and scientific method in order to arrive that the truth. The scientific revolution was an attemptRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment And The Scientific Revolution1675 Words   |  7 Pagesworld evolved giving rise to the establishment of new social norms and scientific advances. Although the industrial revolution and the scientific revolution represented a giant leap forward in human development, the Age of Enlightenment delivered the greatest influence for the future American society and planted the way for cultural and humanistic enrichment. The Age of the Enlightenment raised new concepts in education, democracy, and human freedom. The new humanistic philosophy promoted the polishRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1471 Words   |  6 Pageshands of the people. Through bloodshed, the radical actions of the French Revolution sparked by philosophies of Enlightenment, will impact the future. Historical figures such as Robespierre heading the Great Assembly will drive change in culture through the revolution, in hopes of ac hieving enlightened societies. The 18th century marks the beginning of modern history. The French revolution playing a role in furthering Enlightenment, will led to a chain of events that will change the course of the futureRead MoreThe American Revolution And The Enlightenment1531 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution brought about changes in the way the world viewed religion, science, and government. The Enlightenment, an European movement that affected social customs and political ideals not only in Europe, but also in America, brought these new ideas and changes to light. Enlightenment’s main goal was to seek out a better understanding of the natural world through reason. Reason is an individual trait, and, according to Enlightenment thinkers, this justifies that power should be helpRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1708 Words   |  7 PagesEnlightenment in Europe was a period in which ideas were legitimately from one country to another. It is also known as civilization time where traditional authority was put to the question while embracing the notion of humanity to improve human change. The French revolution was directly in motivation by Enlightenment ideals which marked a peak of its influence and a beginning of its fall. The Enlightenment s imperative of the seventeenth-century forerunners incorporated the Englishmen Francis BaconRead MoreEssay on The Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe Scientific revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries changed the way that people views the world. Scientific philosophers such as Galileo and Descartes threw out the old teachings of the church and challenged them with new ways of thinkin g. These men sought to prove that rational thought could prove the existence of God. They also challenged that it was an understanding of a series of rational thoughts, not faith, would bring understanding of how the world worked. Traditional ways of thinkingRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Age Of Enlightenment854 Words   |  4 PagesBorn of two fathers, the American Revolution and the age of enlightenment, the French revolution was primarily a social upheaval that conspired to overthrow religious and privileged classes. The French Revolution changed the degree to which the people were willing to suffer and sacrifice in order to achieve their war aims through democratizing the Army and creating the necessity of larger political alliances than ever before. Guibert wrote in his Essai: Imagine that there arose in Europe a people

Competitive Marketing Activities and Strategy Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Marketing for Activities and Strategy Analysis. Answer: Introduction In the current competitive market, it is important for any company to keep a regular watch on the marketing activities of its rivals. Considering the marketing activities of the competitors is necessary to build a highly competitive strategy that will help the organisation to seek competitive advantage in the market (Rosenbloom, 2016). There are four primary elements of the marketing mix that plays an essential role in policy planning of an organisation. The four elements are known as products, price, place and promotion (Otubanjo, 2013). Every organisation focuses on one or more elements of the marketing mix to make it better than the rivals. The paper has been developed to conduct an analysis of the marketing strategy of two primary rival companies that rules the techno gadget world. The study has been developed to understand the importance of considering the marketing strategy of the competitors to seek success and growth in the market. In order to observe the importance of marketing strategy, the examples of two companies have been presented namely Apple Inc and Samsung Corporation. Along with that, the marketing strategies of both the companies have been presented to understand their competitive moves. Furthermore, the paper discusses the most important elements of the marketing mix that are chosen by both of these companies to stay ahead of each other. Marketing Strategy Analysis The marketing strategy analysis of the two international hi-tech companies such as Apple Inc and Samsung Corporation can evaluate the specific insights of the organisations to achieve brand affinity at the global business platform. Through the identification of current marketing plan of both Apple Inc and Samsung Corporation, a full coverage of existing business status of the consumer electronics product manufacturers can be highlighted on the basis of global market performance (Kerin, Hartley and Rudelius, 2009). Being direct market competitors in the global consumer electronics manufacturing industry, massive marketing battles have been seen between the brands. The marketing showdown of Samsung Corporation has included significant advertising blitz to match the culture, tradition and contemporary market trends (Constantinides, 2016). The marketing content strategy of Samsung includes celebrity-partnered movements, social media advertisements and in-store promotional activities to r each to the new set of buyers in the target market. On the other hand, Apple Inc has invested significant money in the Research and Development (RD) section rather than putting the investment on conventional advertising of latest products (Ferrara and LaMeau, 2012). Moreover, by contemporary marketing standards, Apple Inc has a scrawny content marketing strategy as the organisation does not promote social media marketing through Facebook or Twitter. In the last couple of years, Samsung has spent over $770 million in order to marketing and advertising purpose (Walgrove, 2015). By utilising digital media marketing, social media marketing, Super Bowl advertisements and unique promotional concerts of Samsung have significantly contributed to the actual sales. Meanwhile, in order to close the branding gap to some extent, Apple Inc has started to put more capital in marketing and advertising so that the marketing blitz can create sufficient impact on sales figure (Smith, 2014). Apple Vs Samsung Marketing Strategy Apple and Samsung are two primary competitors in the mobile phone market. Both of these companies focus on different elements of marketing mix to seek competitive advantage in the market. If market shares are considered, it can be seen that Apple owns a better market share than Samsung in the Australian and the US market because its innovative products and good reputation (Otubanjo, 2013). When considering the global market, Samsung is believed to be the market leader with its lower pricing and innovative products. The marketing strategies of both the companies are presented herein below. Samsungs Marketing Strategy Product Samsung has a good product range that work over the Android Platform differentiating it from Apple. Along with that, the company has a RD team that keeps on introducing new innovative products that are in high demand in the market (Kreutzer, 2008). Price In terms of pricing, Samsung implements a competitive pricing policy that helps it to seek competitive advantage in the market. Samsung products are much cheaper than Apple iPhone in regards to the innovative technology offered by them (Maghnati, Ling and Nasermoadeli, 2012). Hence, Samsung has a competitive advantage through its low pricing policy. Promotion Samsung employs marketing experts from all across the globe capable of carrying on traditional advertising and innovative PR stunts. Currently, the company has introduced a marketing budget of $14 billion which is more than the combined marketing budget of Apple, Microsoft, Sony and others (Dignan, 2014). Hence, it can be seen that Samsung focuses on promotional activities to seek competitive advantage. Place The Samsung products are easily available through a diverged channel of distribution. It has its service centres all across the globe located in almost every region of the world. Along with that, the integrated promotion techniques of the company help the customers to get all sort of information about the services and products of Samsung (Crook, 2012). Apples Marketing Strategy Product The expanding nature of the organisation can be seen on the product line as well. As the manufactured products define the business output of the tech giant, Apple has come out with innovation, elegance designs, hi-tech gadgets such as iPad, iPhone, Mac, Apple Watch, iPod, Apple TV, and iOS software to prove the rarity and product uniqueness. The diversification of product range has significantly contributed to the intensive growth strategy of the organisation (Dominici, 2009). Through collaboration with other organisations such as Tesla Motors, Apple has aimed to introduce Apple Car in the upcoming future. Price In the contemporary business standards, Apple Inc has competently utilised a premium pricing strategy to represent the efficiency and hi-tech value of the Apple manufactured devices. Through the identification of the premium set of buyers for the Apple products, the organisation has selected the concept of premium pricing strategy quoting relatively high product pricing (Kolberg, 2015). The premium pricing strategy has established a high-end brand image of the organisation so that the loyal customers belong to the upper class, and upper-middle class can be targeted to entail the highest profitability. Promotion In Apples case, the promotional marketing mix includes four specific identified elements such as product advertising, personal selling, public relations and sales promotions. The organisation has promoted advertisements through official website and retail Apple stores. Through personal selling, the Apple employees have sold latest products to the customers in a convincing way (Walgrove, 2015). Moreover, in order to enhance the corporate image of the organisation, public relations have been promoted through events such as press releases, exclusive interviews and product demonstrations. Place In product distribution, Apple Inc has utilised a holistic approach to taking the advantage of latest available distribution channels. However, the concept of selective distribution strategy of Apple has limited the marketing reach. The exclusivity of the distribution channel includes Apple Retail Stores, Authorised retailers, online stores and major telecommunication services (Boulding and Lee, 2012). Through the Apple Stores and online channels, the organisation has sold products to the customers. Apart from that, the authorised retailers such as Best Buy, Walmart, ad Target have played a crucial role in product selling. Invariably, telecom services such as ATT, and Sprint have been included in the distribution channel to sell products. Discussion Under the current market scenario, Samsung Corporations expensive marketing ideas have taken the advantages as far as product marketing is concerned. In marketing mix, Samsung has considered pricing and promotion to be the most essential elements. Hence, the organisation has offered hi-tech, elegant devices at an affordable price range. Apart from that, the investment of $770 million in the past couple of years for product marketing is an evidence of Samsungs marketing game plan. On the other hand, Apple Inc has out the investment for RD purpose. In marketing mix, the organisation has chosen exclusive distribution channels and promotional ways to expand the market. Meanwhile, the organisation must consider pricing and product diversification in the recent competitive market. However, the latest patent violation issue of Samsung has given a marketing edge to Apple. Currently, Samsung has got 41.7% of the global market share whereas Apple Inc has captured 28.6% of the total market share. In the US, Apple is leading by the same margin. In Australia, Apple Inc has got almost 49% of market share in compared to Samsungs 31%. Understandably, innovativeness, design and technological efficiency have been the major product selling factors of Apple manufactured device. Also, the brand identity and Apple savvy customers have been the primary strengths of Apples business. Still, following the current marketing trend in the global arena, Apple Inc must consider changes to its existing marketing mix to match Samsungs competitive marketing approach (Peter and Donnelly, 2013). Conclusion The above analysis shows that Samsung and Apple have always tried to implement a better marketing strategy in order to seek competitive advantage over each other. Failure of proper monitoring of marketing strategy of the competitors may lead to fall in the market share and impact the revenue of the company. Hence, it can be seen that a company cannot survive and seek market growth without proper monitoring of the marketing strategy of the rivals. There is a need to keep regular watch on the marketing activities to make necessary changes in the marketing strategy that helps the organisation to achieve growth, profitability, better market share, brand awareness and brand loyalty. References Boulding, W. and Lee, E. (2012). Differentiation via the marketing mix.Marketing Letters, 3(4), pp.343-356. Constantinides, E. (2016). The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing.Journal of Marketing Management, 22(3-4), pp.407-438. Crook, J. (2012).Apple And Samsung Bring Their Marketing Strategies To Court | TechCrunch. [online] Techcrunch.com. Available at: https://techcrunch.com/2012/08/20/in-this-complex-patent-battle-apple-and-samsung-take-their-marketing-strategies-to-court/ [Accessed Aug. 2016]. Dignan, L. (2014).Samsung's marketing blitz vs. Apple: Effective, but big data would help | ZDNet. [online] ZDNet. Available at: https://www.zdnet.com/article/samsungs-marketing-blitz-vs-apple-effective-but-big-data-would-help/ [Accessed Aug. 2016]. Dominici, G. (2009). From Marketing Mix to e-Marketing Mix: a literature overview and classification.IJBM, 4(9). Ferrara, M. and LaMeau, M. (2012).Innovation masters. Detroit: Gale, Cengage Learning. Kerin, R., Hartley, S. and Rudelius, W. (2009).Marketing. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Kolberg, W. (2015). Marketing Mix Theory: Integrating Price and Non-Price Marketing Strategies.SSRN Electronic Journal. Kreutzer, R. (2008). Marketingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Mix Standardisation: An Integrated Approach in Global Marketing.European Journal of Marketing, 22(10), pp.19-30. Maghnati, F., Ling, K. and Nasermoadeli, A. (2012). Exploring the Relationship between Experiential Marketing and Experiential Value in the Smartphone Industry.IBR, 5(11). Otubanjo, O. (2013). The Extended Corporate Identity Mix.IJMS, 5(1). Peter, J. and Donnelly, J. (2013).Marketing management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Rosenbloom, B. (2016). The Trade Area Mix and Retailing Mix: A Retail Strategy Matrix.Journal of Marketing, 40(4), p.58. Smith, J. (2014).Samsung vs. Apple: Insights for Achieving Brand Affinity. [online] Ama.org. Available at: https://www.ama.org/publications/eNewsletters/MarketingInsightsNewsletter/Pages/apple-versus-samsung.aspx [Accessed Aug. 2016]. Walgrove, A. (2015).Content Marketing Showdown: Apple vs. Samsung. [online] The Content Strategist. Available at: https://contently.com/strategist/2015/04/28/content-marketing-showdown-apple-vs-samsung/ [Accessed Aug. 2016].

Red Badge Of Courage Essays (609 words) - Literature,

Red Badge Of Courage Adolescence brings about many changes as a youth becomes an adult. For many people this passage is either tedious and painful or simple and barely noticeable. The anguish and torture that is usually associated with rites of passage and growing up is often used in literature, as it is common and easily understood. In The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane, the character Henry Fleming survives the Civil War, which serves as his rite of passage as it teaches him the importance of things such as dreams, companionship, dignity, individualism, and, of course, courage. In the beginning of the novel, Henry is determined and eager to fight in war, which is his dream and goal. From all the tales told by others of fighting and glory, he can not help but idolize the duty of the soldier and aspire to become the very same soldier. Once he leaves home, he starts to feel the indescribable feeling, like a rush of excitement and anxiety at the same time. His entire future is ahead of him, and he is walking towards it with open arms. Unfortunately, his dreams are virtually shattered time and time again as he fights on in battle. Eventually, Henry is faced with the ultimate enemy ? himself. He begins to doubt his own self-confidence and wonders whether he will stay and fight or run when faced with death and war at the battlefields. He questions his fellow soldiers and doubts whether they will accept him later should he run from the battle. What will they do? Will they run or stay? If he runs and the other soldiers don't, what will they think of him? Such questions suggest the constant dilemma experienced by most adolescents, which would be conformity, peer pressure, and acceptance. Henry eventually flees from the scene, reexamines himself and his thoughts, and musters up the courage to return to the battlefield. This is part of growing up ? facing your fears and giving it another shot. Henry also learns the importance of companionship and its limits, which plays an important part in anyone's life as friends are one of life's greatest treasures. Henry promised his friend Jim Conklin that he'd take care of him. This promise lasts only for a moment since John Conklin, insisting on being alone all the while, dies. Jim's sudden death teaches Henry that friends can only do so much, but are equally important to life as they are consistent pillars of strength that one can rely on. Later, Henry becomes more of a man in the sense that he lies about the story behind his head wound. This may seem awkward, but carefully looking at the situation Henry learns the importance of one's dignity and pride. He is aware that word travels quickly and he saves himself from humiliation and tells a small white lie so that his dignity is preserved. Towards the end of the novel Henry discards the expectations of his peers and declares his individuality and courage by seizing the flag from the dead color sergeant and waving it in front of the regiment. He risks being shot at ? as he is an easy target ? and thus displays his courage and willpower. This seizing of the flag is Henry's ultimate rite of passage. He discards his terrified and cautious childhood and becomes an experienced, courageous individual. In conclusion, Henry's rite of passage is, generally, the Civil War. It teaches him the hardships of life and draws out the courage deep down within his soul. Henry, at first, is timid and anxious about his potential and what would the others think about him. Later, he ignores everything around and focuses on the Union flag. His reaching out for the flag proves to himself that he is just as brave and courageous as those soldiers whose stories dazzled him as a boy. He is that very soldier.

Looking At The Effects Of Community Care Social Work Essay Essays

Looking At The Effects Of Community Care Social Work Essay Essays Looking At The Effects Of Community Care Social Work Essay Essay Looking At The Effects Of Community Care Social Work Essay Essay Community attention basically aims to supply persons in demand with societal, medical and wellness support in their ain places, every bit far as possible, instead than in residential constitutions or in long-stay establishments. The passage of the NHS and Community Care Act in 1990 marked a watershed in the development of community attention pattern in the UK ( Means, et Al, 2002, p 71 ) . Implemented after old ages of treatment on the societal and fiscal viability of keeping people in establishments and places, the NHS and Community Care Act, initiated by Margaret Thatcher, showcased her desire to radically alter the pattern and bringing of societal and wellness attention in the UK ( Means, et Al, 2002, p 71 ) . The old ages following the passing of the Act have witnessed important developments in the pattern and bringing of societal work in the state. This short essay efforts to look into the basic grounds for the passage of the NHS and the Community Care Act, its basic political orientation and push, and its impact on the societal work sector of the state. The essay besides surveies the developments in societal attention that have occurred in the old ages following the act, with peculiar focal point on direct payments for people with larning disablements, societal attention commissariats for carers and the modern-day accent on personalisation. NHS and Community Care Act 1990 Whilst the induction of the policy of community attention in the UK is by and big attributed to Margaret Thatcher s conservative authorities, the construct of community attention, even at that clip, was non precisely new ( Borzaga A ; Defourny, 2001, p 43 ) . The demand for community attention existed from the beginning of the fiftiess. It aimed to supply a better and more cost effectual manner to assist persons with mental wellness concerns and physical disablements by taking them from impersonal, old, and frequently rough institutional environments, and taking attention of them in their place environments ( Borzaga A ; Defourny, 2001, p 43 ) . Although assorted authoritiess, since the 1950s, supported the demand to present community attention and tried to convey in appropriate alterations, deficiency of concrete action on the issue resulted in changeless addition of the figure of people in residential constitutions and big establishments during the 1960s, 70s and 80s ( Borzaga A ; Defourny, 2001, p 43 ) . With legion negative narratives coming out in the media on the hard conditions in such constitutions, Sir Roy Griffiths was invited by Margaret Thatcher to look into the issue of community attention for the occupants of such constitutions and do appropriate recommendations ( Harris, 2002, p 11 ) . The Griffiths, ( 1988 ) , Report named Community Care: Agenda for Action , followed by the publication of a White Paper Caring for Peoples: Community Care in the Following Decade and Beyond in 1989 led to the passage of the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 ( Cass, 2007, p 241 ) . Apart from being a strong effort to better the lives of people in long term establishments and residential constitutions, the jurisprudence was besides an result of the conservative authorities s desire to convey market reforms into the public sector and excite the private sector to come in the societal services, every bit good as its strong belief that competitory markets would be better able to supply more economic services than a bureaucratised populace sector ( Harris, 2009, p 3 ) . With societal services being among the highest gross disbursement sections at the local authorization degree and domiciliary and residential services for older people devouring the majority of societal service financess, community attention for older people presented an obvious country for debut and execution of market rules ( Harris, 2009, p 3 ) . The act split the function of local and wellness governments by changing their internal constructions, so that local authorization sections were required to determine the demands of persons and thenceforth purchase required services from suppliers ( Lewis, et Al, 1994, p 28 ) . Health administrations, in order to go suppliers of such services, became NHS trusts that competed with each other. The act besides required local societal service and wellness governments to jointly hold to community attention programs for the local execution of single attention programs for long term and vulnerable psychiatric patients ( Lewis, et Al, 1994, p 28 ) . The act has nevertheless come in for changing grades of unfavorable judgment from service users, perceivers and experts, with some perceivers claiming the altered attention conditions to be unresponsive, inefficient and offering small pick or equity ( Malin, et Al, 2002, p 17 ) . Other experts, who were non so pessimistic, stated that whilst the system was based upon an first-class thought, it was small better in pattern than the old systems of bureaucratic resource allotment and received small committedness from societal services ; the lead community attention bureau ( Malin, et Al, 2002, p 17 ) . The committedness of local governments was diluted by the service bequests of the past and vested professional involvement, even as societal services and wellness services workers were unable to work good together ( Malin, et Al, 2002, p 17 ) . Small coaction took topographic point between societal and wellness services and the impact of the reforms was undermined by chronic authorities un derfunding. The voluntary sector became the chief donee of this push for the development of a assorted economic system of attention ( Malin, et Al, 2002, p 17 ) . Developments after the Enactment of the NHS and Community Care Act The premise of authorities by the labor party in 1997 resulted in the progressive acceptance of legion forward looking policies in assorted countries of societal attention. The publication of a white paper in 1998 reinforced the authorities s committedness to publicity of community based attention and people s independency ( Means, et Al, 2002, p 79 ) . The paper focused on helping people to accomplish and keep independency through bar and rehabilitation schemes, with specific grants being introduced to ease their execution. The Health Act of 1999 removed obstructions to the joint working of wellness and societal services sections through commissariats for pooling of budgets and meeting of services ( Means, et Al, 2002, p 79 ) . The preparation of the NHS program aimed to better partnership between wellness and societal attention, the development of intermediate attention and the building of capacity for attention through hard currency for alteration grants for development of capac ity across societal and wellness attention systems ( Means, et Al, 2002, p 79 ) . Direct Payments for Persons with Learning Disabilities The Community Care ( Direct Payments ) Act 1996, which came into operation in April 1997, marked a extremist alteration in the proviso of community attention for people with disablements, including those with larning troubles ( Tucker, et Al, 2008, p 210 ) . It was illegal, prior to the execution of the act, for local governments to back up people with disablements by doing hard currency payments in stead of supplying community attention services. Policymakers nevertheless realised that many local governments were successfully back uping independent life strategies, Centres for independent life and personal aid strategies ( Tucker, et Al, 2008, p 210 ) . Such strategies handled community attention payments for handicapped people and provided them with aid to organize aid or support. The Community Care ( Direct Payments ) Act built on this state of affairs, leting direct payments to be made to replace attention services, which otherwise would be given by societal service sections ( Tu cker, et Al, 2008, p 210 ) . Direct payments provide flexibleness in the manner services are provided to eligible people. The giving of money, in stead of societal attention services, helps people to accomplish greater control and pick over their lives and enables them to make up ones mind on the clip and manner of bringing of services ( Tucker, et Al, 2008, p 210 ) . Direct payments can non merely be used for services to fulfill the demands of kids or their households but besides enables carers to buy the services they need to prolong them in their functions. Research conducted in 1997 in the use of direct payments by people with larning troubles revealed that whilst use of direct payments by people with larning disablements was increasing, such use was low among adult females and persons from minority or black cultural groups ( Tucker, et Al, 2008, p 210 ) . Research besides revealed the presence of broad differences in the reading of the capacity of individuals for accepting to direct payments by local govern ments. Whilst some local governments felt that direct payments could be sanctioned to all individuals with larning troubles who were able, with aid, to successfully command and utilize direct payments, other governments did non mind the fact that such people could so be assisted to pass on determinations and accordingly assumed their inability to accept to direct payments. Such readings, it was felt, could suspend many people in demand from obtaining the installation for direct payments ( Tucker, et Al, 2008, p 211 ) . Aid for Carers Recent old ages have seen a figure of societal attention enterprises for easing the status of carers. Carers are people who provide aid and support, without payment, to household members or friends, who are unable to pull off without such aid, on history of unwellness, infirmity or disablement ( Government Equalities Office, 2010, p 1 ) . Carers can include grownups who care for other grownups, parents who care for handicapped or sick kids, or immature people who care for other household members. The authorities s societal attention policies for carers include back uping people with caring duties for ( a ) placing themselves at early phases, ( B ) recognizing the worth of their part, and ( degree Celsius ) affecting them from the beginning in planing and be aftering single attention ( Government Equalities Office, 2010, p 1 ) . Such policies aim to enable carers to ( a ) satisfy their educational demands and employment potency, and ( B ) provide personalised support, both for carers and the people they support, to bask household and community life and stay physically and mentally good. Whilst the NHS and community attention Act 1990 looked at carers as valued resources because of their ability to supply support, it did non mention to their rights ; trusting alternatively on rhetoric to present the message of their value to society ( Government Equalities Office, 2010, p 2 ) . Succeeding old ages have nevertheless witnessed greater focal point on the demands of carers and to progressive debut of suited Torahs and appropriate policies. The passing of the Carers ( Recognition and Services ) Act 1995 drew attending to the demands of carers. This was followed by the passing of the Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 and the Carers ( Equal Opportunities ) Act 2004 ( Government Equalities Office, 2010, p 2 ) . T hese Acts of the Apostless entitle carers for ( a ) appraisal of their demands, ( B ) services in their ain right and support in accessing instruction preparation, employment and leisure chances. The proposed equality measure introduces four new chances for carers. It ( a ) requires public governments to give due consideration to socio-economic disadvantages, whilst exerting strategic planning maps, ( B ) takes history of associatory favoritism with respect to handicapped people, ( degree Celsius ) provides for bar of indirect favoritism, and ( vitamin D ) calls upon public organic structures to guarantee that their policies are designed to extinguish torment and favoritism and farther equality of chance ( Government Equalities Office, 2010, p 2 ) . Personalisation The construct of personalisation in societal attention, whilst discussed for some old ages, was officially inducted into societal attention pattern in the UK with the publication of Puting People First in 2007. The covenant outlined the construct of a individualized grownup societal attention system, where persons will hold extended control and pick over the services received by them. The authorities committed that societal services would increasingly be tailored to run into the penchants of citizens, with individual centred planning along with ego directed support going mainstream activities, assisted by personal budgets for maximizing control and pick ( Aldred, 2008, p 31 ) . Whilst personal budgets and direct payments form an of import facet of personalisation, the thought concerns suiting services to the demands of people, concentrating on results, and recognizing the worth of the sentiments of service users measuring their ain demands, be aftering their service, and bring forthing their results ( Aldred, 2008, p 31 ) . Decisions and the Way Forward This essay investigates the grounds behind the passage of the NHS and the Community Care Act and surveies the developments in societal attention that have occurred in the old ages following the act, particularly in countries of direct payments for people with larning disablements, societal attention for carers and personalisation. It is obvious from the consequences of the survey that societal attention in the UK has experienced important alteration and metabolism since the passage of the 1990 act. Whilst important advancement has been made a consensus s turning that the British societal attention system is confronting a crisis because of drivers like increasing demographic force per unit areas, changes in household and societal constructions, lifting public outlooks, increasing desire for greater pick and control, and eligibility for services ( Glasby, et Al, 2010, p 11 ) . The demand to travel people out of local adjustment because of lifting rents exemplifies the challenges faced by the societal attention system. With the fiscal system going more ambitious, the societal attention system will hold to happen ways of bettering efficiencies without thining the quality of attention ( Glasby, et Al, 2010, p 11 ) . The following unit of ammunition of societal reforms, whilst trying to accomplish better bringing efficiencies will hold to regenerate its committedness to fulfilling societal outlooks and basic human rights, cut downing costs, forestalling future demands, assisting people to recover independency, liberating persons to lend, and back uping carers to care and lend to society ( Glasby, et Al, 2010, p 11 ) .

Gender Criticism and Frankenstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender Criticism and Frankenstein - Essay Example other words, the work of Mary Shelley, specifically in context to Frankenstein, can be critiqued for being male dominating and critically chauvinist in its character. The protagonist and the antagonist, both the main characters of the novel around which the story revolves, are male characters, which suggest the biased sense of character in the book. The women mentioned in the book solely perform a supportive, yet a subservient role to the picture. Moving past the characters, the themes of the text also portray gender anxieties. The obsession with nine months, for instance, which Victor takes to create the monster, clearly reflects an issue with gender complexities, more of which would further be expanded on in the paper.This implies that Shelley was of the view that though women is the weaker gender, yet her role can`t be ignored in entirety to smoothly run the system. The other supportive roles, comparatively stronger in nature have been naturally attributed to men in the story. Thi s biasness attributed to gender roles can be related in context to Shelley`s personal life, which was dominated by two male figures, her father and her husband. Victor Frankenstein is inspired after having met Walton who takes nine month to explore the North Pole. Owing to his experiments, Victor ends up creating a monster, which is the underlying theme of the novel and creates the angle of fear and anxiety in the text. The two main characters in the novel, Walton and Victor are extremely ambitious and egotistical in nature, preferring a bond with another man instead of a woman. These traits have also been found characteristic to her husband in particular, reflecting the individual impacts of men on her life. More so, a huge contrast is seen when she characterizes the women in the novel representing them as ‘proper’ women in compliance tothe expectations of the mainstream society. In this scenario, it may be concluded that Shelley had a strong impact of the trend during the time